FAQ - Revision history

DDeel at 14:49, 7 November 2024

2024-11-07T14:49:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:49, 7 November 2024
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	~~Hier entsteht das FAQ~~

	~~''Formatierungshilfen'' https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting/de~~

	=Level of Evidence=		=Level of Evidence=
	===Version Oxford 2011===		===Version Oxford 2011===

DDeel at 12:20, 7 November 2024

2024-11-07T12:20:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:20, 7 November 2024
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	\|-		\|-
	! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Questions		! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Questions
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:20%;" \| Step 1 (Level 1 i)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:20%;" \| Step 1 (Level 1<sup>⁎</sup>)
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 2 (Level 2 i)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 2 (Level 2<sup>⁎</sup>)
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:22%;" \| Step 3 (Level 3 i)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:22%;" \| Step 3 (Level 3<sup>⁎</sup>)
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 4 (Level 4 i)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 4 (Level 4<sup>⁎</sup>)
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:10%;" \| Step 5 (Level 5)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:10%;" \| Step 5 (Level 5)
	\|-		\|-

Cotto at 12:14, 6 November 2024

2024-11-06T12:14:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:14, 6 November 2024
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	{\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"		{\| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
	\|+ Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence		\|+ Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence
	\|-		\|-
	! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1~~<sup>⁎</sup>~~) !! Step 2 (Level 2~~<sup>⁎</sup>~~) !! Step 3 (Level 3~~<sup>⁎</sup>~~) !! Step 4 (Level 4~~<sup>⁎</sup>~~)!! Step 5 (Level~~<sup>⁎</sup>~~)		! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Questions
			!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:20%;" \| Step 1 (Level 1 i)
			!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 2 (Level 2 i)
			!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:22%;" \| Step 3 (Level 3 i)
			!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 4 (Level 4 i)
			!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:10%;" \| Step 5 (Level 5)
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Local non-random sample<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| n/a		\| style="background-color:#cbeeff;" \| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Local non-random sample<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| n/a
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Is this diagnostic or monitoring test accurate?''' (Diagnosis) \|\| Systematic review of cross sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding \|\| Individual cross sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding \|\| Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference standards<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-control studies, or “poor or non-independent reference standard<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| style="background-color:#cbeeff;" \| '''Is this diagnostic or monitoring test accurate?''' (Diagnosis) \|\| Systematic review of cross sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding \|\| Individual cross sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding \|\| Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference standards<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-control studies, or “poor or non-independent reference standard<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''What will happen if we do not add a therapy?''' (Prognosis) \|\| Systematic review of inception cohort studies \|\| Inception cohort studies \|\| Cohort study or control arm of randomized trial<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series or case-control studies, or poor quality prognostic cohort study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| n/a		\| style="background-color:#cbeeff;" \| '''What will happen if we do not add a therapy?''' (Prognosis) \|\| Systematic review of inception cohort studies \|\| Inception cohort studies \|\| Cohort study or control arm of randomized trial<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series or case-control studies, or poor quality prognostic cohort study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| n/a
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Does this intervention help?''' (Treatment Benefits) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials or n-of-1 trials \|\| Randomized trial or observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control studies, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| style="background-color:#cbeeff;" \| '''Does this intervention help?''' (Treatment Benefits) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials or n-of-1 trials \|\| Randomized trial or observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control studies, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''What are the COMMON harms?''' (Treatment Harms) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials, systematic review of nested case-control studies, n-of-1 trial with the patient you are raising the question about, or observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Individual randomized trial or (exceptionally) observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study (post-marketing surveillance) provided there are sufficient numbers to rule out a common harm. (For long-term harms the duration of follow-up must be sufficient.)<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| style="background-color:#cbeeff;" \| '''What are the COMMON harms?''' (Treatment Harms) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials, systematic review of nested case-control studies, n-of-1 trial with the patient you are raising the question about, or observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Individual randomized trial or (exceptionally) observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study (post-marketing surveillance) provided there are sufficient numbers to rule out a common harm. (For long-term harms the duration of follow-up must be sufficient.)<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''What are the RARE harms?''' (Treatment Harms) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials or n-of-1 trial \|\| Randomized trial or (exceptionally) observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study (post-marketing surveillance) provided there are sufficient numbers to rule out a common harm. (For long-term harms the duration of follow-up must be sufficient.)<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| style="background-color:#cbeeff;" \| '''What are the RARE harms?''' (Treatment Harms) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials or n-of-1 trial \|\| Randomized trial or (exceptionally) observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study (post-marketing surveillance) provided there are sufficient numbers to rule out a common harm. (For long-term harms the duration of follow-up must be sufficient.)<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Is this (early detection) test worthwhile?''' (Screening) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials \|\| Randomized trial \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| style="background-color:#cbeeff;" \| '''Is this (early detection) test worthwhile?''' (Screening) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials \|\| Randomized trial \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|}		\|}

DDeel at 13:14, 4 November 2024

2024-11-04T13:14:39Z

DDeel at 13:05, 4 November 2024

2024-11-04T13:05:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 4 November 2024
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	\|+ Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence		\|+ Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence
	\|-		\|-
	! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1<sup>i</sup>) !! Step 2 (Level 2 i) !! Step 3 (Level 3 i) !! Step 4 (Level 4 i)!! Step 5 (Level 5)		! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 2 (Level 2<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 3 (Level 3<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 4 (Level 4<sup>⁎</sup>)!! Step 5 (Level<sup>⁎</sup>)
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances ii \|\| Local non-random sample ii \|\| Case-series ii \|\| n/a		\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances ii \|\| Local non-random sample ii \|\| Case-series ii \|\| n/a

DDeel at 15:39, 30 October 2024

2024-10-30T15:39:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 30 October 2024
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	\|+ Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence		\|+ Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence
	\|-		\|-
	! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1 <sup>i</sup>) !! Step 2 (Level 2 i) !! Step 3 (Level 3 i) !! Step 4 (Level 4 i)!! Step 5 (Level 5)		! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1<sup>i</sup>) !! Step 2 (Level 2 i) !! Step 3 (Level 3 i) !! Step 4 (Level 4 i)!! Step 5 (Level 5)
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances ii \|\| Local non-random sample ii \|\| Case-series ii \|\| n/a		\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances ii \|\| Local non-random sample ii \|\| Case-series ii \|\| n/a

DDeel at 15:39, 30 October 2024

2024-10-30T15:39:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 30 October 2024
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	\|+ Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence		\|+ Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) 2011 Levels of Evidence
	\|-		\|-
	! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1 i) !! Step 2 (Level 2 i) !! Step 3 (Level 3 i) !! Step 4 (Level 4 i)!! Step 5 (Level 5)		! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1 <sup>i</sup>) !! Step 2 (Level 2 i) !! Step 3 (Level 3 i) !! Step 4 (Level 4 i)!! Step 5 (Level 5)
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances ii \|\| Local non-random sample ii \|\| Case-series ii \|\| n/a		\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances ii \|\| Local non-random sample ii \|\| Case-series ii \|\| n/a

JDoerfler at 14:13, 29 October 2024

2024-10-29T14:13:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:13, 29 October 2024
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	Both intent-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol analyses are methods used in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention, but they differ significantly in how they handle participant data and adherence to the study protocol.		Both intent-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol analyses are methods used in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention, but they differ significantly in how they handle participant data and adherence to the study protocol.


	===Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Analysis===		===Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Analysis===
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	* ITT can underestimate the treatment effect because it includes participants who did not complete the intervention as planned.		* ITT can underestimate the treatment effect because it includes participants who did not complete the intervention as planned.


	===Modified Intent-to-Treat (mITT) Analysis===		===Modified Intent-to-Treat (mITT) Analysis===
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	* Including only those who received at least some treatment (e.g., at least one dose of the intervention).		* Including only those who received at least some treatment (e.g., at least one dose of the intervention).
	* Excluding participants who withdrew consent or were lost to follow-up in a way that is predefined in the study protocol.		* Excluding participants who withdrew consent or were lost to follow-up in a way that is predefined in the study protocol.


	===Per Protocol (PP) Analysis===		===Per Protocol (PP) Analysis===

JDoerfler at 14:12, 29 October 2024

2024-10-29T14:12:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 29 October 2024
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	Reference: Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng H-Y, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Hernán MA, Hopewell S, Hróbjartsson A, Junqueira DR, Jüni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019; 366: l4898.		Reference: Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng H-Y, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Hernán MA, Hopewell S, Hróbjartsson A, Junqueira DR, Jüni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019; 366: l4898.


	=Analysis=		=Analysis=

JDoerfler at 14:12, 29 October 2024

2024-10-29T14:12:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 29 October 2024
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	Both intent-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol analyses are methods used in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention, but they differ significantly in how they handle participant data and adherence to the study protocol.		Both intent-to-treat (ITT) and per protocol analyses are methods used in clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention, but they differ significantly in how they handle participant data and adherence to the study protocol.


	===Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Analysis===		===Intent-to-Treat (ITT) Analysis===

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:20, 7 November 2024
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	\|-		\|-
	! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Questions		! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Questions
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:20%;" \| Step 1 (Level 1 i)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:20%;" \| Step 1 (Level 1<sup>⁎</sup>)
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 2 (Level 2 i)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 2 (Level 2<sup>⁎</sup>)
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:22%;" \| Step 3 (Level 3 i)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:22%;" \| Step 3 (Level 3<sup>⁎</sup>)
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 4 (Level 4 i)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:16%;" \| Step 4 (Level 4<sup>⁎</sup>)
	!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:10%;" \| Step 5 (Level 5)		!! style="text-align: center;background-color: #3366cc; color: #ffffff; width:10%;" \| Step 5 (Level 5)
	\|-		\|-

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 4 November 2024
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	! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 2 (Level 2<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 3 (Level 3<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 4 (Level 4<sup>⁎</sup>)!! Step 5 (Level<sup>⁎</sup>)		! Questions !! Step 1 (Level 1<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 2 (Level 2<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 3 (Level 3<sup>⁎</sup>) !! Step 4 (Level 4<sup>⁎</sup>)!! Step 5 (Level<sup>⁎</sup>)
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances ii \|\| Local non-random sample ii \|\| Case-series ii \|\| n/a		\| '''How common is the problem?''' \|\| Local and current random sample surveys (or censuses) \|\| Systematic review of surveys that allow matching to local circumstances<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Local non-random sample<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| n/a
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Is this diagnostic or monitoring test accurate?''' (Diagnosis) \|\| Systematic review of cross sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding \|\| Individual cross sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding \|\| Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference standards ii \|\| Case-control studies, or “poor or non-independent reference standard ii \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| '''Is this diagnostic or monitoring test accurate?''' (Diagnosis) \|\| Systematic review of cross sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding \|\| Individual cross sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding \|\| Non-consecutive studies, or studies without consistently applied reference standards<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-control studies, or “poor or non-independent reference standard<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''What will happen if we do not add a therapy?''' (Prognosis) \|\| Systematic review of inception cohort studies \|\| Inception cohort studies \|\| Cohort study or control arm of randomized trial i \|\| Case-series or case-control studies, or poor quality prognostic cohort study ii \|\| n/a		\| '''What will happen if we do not add a therapy?''' (Prognosis) \|\| Systematic review of inception cohort studies \|\| Inception cohort studies \|\| Cohort study or control arm of randomized trial<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series or case-control studies, or poor quality prognostic cohort study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| n/a
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Does this intervention help?''' (Treatment Benefits) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials or n-of-1 trials \|\| Randomized trial or observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study ii \|\| Case-series, case-control studies, or historically controlled studies ii \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| '''Does this intervention help?''' (Treatment Benefits) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials or n-of-1 trials \|\| Randomized trial or observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control studies, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''What are the COMMON harms?''' (Treatment Harms) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials, systematic review of nested case-control studies, n-of-1 trial with the patient you are raising the question about, or observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Individual randomized trial or (exceptionally) observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study (post-marketing surveillance) provided there are sufficient numbers to rule out a common harm. (For long-term harms the duration of follow-up must be sufficient.) ii \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies ii \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| '''What are the COMMON harms?''' (Treatment Harms) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials, systematic review of nested case-control studies, n-of-1 trial with the patient you are raising the question about, or observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Individual randomized trial or (exceptionally) observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study (post-marketing surveillance) provided there are sufficient numbers to rule out a common harm. (For long-term harms the duration of follow-up must be sufficient.)<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''What are the RARE harms?''' (Treatment Harms) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials or n-of-1 trial \|\| Randomized trial or (exceptionally) observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study (post-marketing surveillance) provided there are sufficient numbers to rule out a common harm. (For long-term harms the duration of follow-up must be sufficient.) ii \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies ii \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| '''What are the RARE harms?''' (Treatment Harms) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials or n-of-1 trial \|\| Randomized trial or (exceptionally) observational study with dramatic effect \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study (post-marketing surveillance) provided there are sufficient numbers to rule out a common harm. (For long-term harms the duration of follow-up must be sufficient.)<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''Is this (early detection) test worthwhile?''' (Screening) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials \|\| Randomized trial \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study ii \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies ii \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning		\| '''Is this (early detection) test worthwhile?''' (Screening) \|\| Systematic review of randomized trials \|\| Randomized trial \|\| Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Case-series, case-control, or historically controlled studies<sup>⁎⁎</sup> \|\| Mechanism-based reasoning
	\|}		\|}



	i Level may be graded down on the basis of study quality, imprecision, indirectness (study PICO does not match questions PICO), because of inconsistency between studies, or because the absolute effect size is very small; Level may be graded up if there is a large or very large effect size.		<sup>⁎</sup> Level may be graded down on the basis of study quality, imprecision, indirectness (study PICO does not match questions PICO), because of inconsistency between studies, or because the absolute effect size is very small; Level may be graded up if there is a large or very large effect size.

	ii As always, a systematic review is generally better than an individual study.		<sup>⁎⁎</sup> As always, a systematic review is generally better than an individual study.


	Reference: http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653; OCEBM Table of Evidence Working Group = Jeremy Howick, Iain Chalmers (James Lind Library), Paul Glasziou, Trish Greenhalgh, Carl Heneghan, Alessandro Liberati, Ivan Moschetti, Bob Phillips, Hazel Thornton, Olive Goddard and Mary Hodgkinson		''Reference: http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653; OCEBM Table of Evidence Working Group = Jeremy Howick, Iain Chalmers (James Lind Library), Paul Glasziou, Trish Greenhalgh, Carl Heneghan, Alessandro Liberati, Ivan Moschetti, Bob Phillips, Hazel Thornton, Olive Goddard and Mary Hodgkinson.''

	===Version Oxford 2008===		===Version Oxford 2008===
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	Reference: Produced by Bob Phillips, Chris Ball, Dave Sackett, Doug Badenoch, Sharon Straus, Brian Haynes, Martin Dawes since November 1998. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009.		''Reference: Produced by Bob Phillips, Chris Ball, Dave Sackett, Doug Badenoch, Sharon Straus, Brian Haynes, Martin Dawes since November 1998. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009.''


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	Reference: Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng H-Y, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Hernán MA, Hopewell S, Hróbjartsson A, Junqueira DR, Jüni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019; 366: l4898.		''Reference: Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, Cates CJ, Cheng H-Y, Corbett MS, Eldridge SM, Hernán MA, Hopewell S, Hróbjartsson A, Junqueira DR, Jüni P, Kirkham JJ, Lasserson T, Li T, McAleenan A, Reeves BC, Shepperd S, Shrier I, Stewart LA, Tilling K, White IR, Whiting PF, Higgins JPT. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019; 366: l4898.''