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Cruciani et al. (2009): L-Carnitine Supplementation in Patients with Advanced Cancer and Carnitine Deficiency: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study + (Adverse events were observed in 21 out of … Adverse events were observed in 21 out of 29 patients (hospice patients); 7 were hospitalized (intervention arm: 4 times, placebo arm: 3 times). Fifteen hospice patients and eight non-hospice patients reported adverse events, including:Nausea/vomiting (intervention arm: 2 times); Stomach problems (intervention arm: 2 times); Increased pain (placebo arm: 2 times); Diarrhea (intervention arm: 2 times); Confusion (placebo arm: 1 time); Tinnitus (placebo arm: 1 time)According to the authors, only one case of constipation and one case of diarrhea were associated with carnitine.f diarrhea were associated with carnitine.)
Hershman et al. (2013): Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Acetyl-L-Carnitine for the Prevention of Taxane-Induced Neuropathy in Women Undergoing Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy + (After 12 weeks: Lower values for the inte … After 12 weeks: Lower values for the intervention arm (higher CIPN) compared to the placebo arm (Baseline to 12 weeks: Intervention: -5.2 points vs. Placebo: -4.5 points), but the difference is not significant (linear regression, adjusted for baseline values: 0.9 points between arms, 95% CI: -2.2, 0.4; p = 0.17). There is a higher likelihood for the intervention arm to decrease by more than 5 points on the FACT-NTX, but this is not significant (OR: 1.48; 38% vs. 30%; p = 0.08)After 24 weeks: Baseline to 24 weeks: Intervention arm -5.3 points vs. placebo arm -3.6 points; linear regression: the intervention arm had 1.8 points less than the placebo arm, indicating a significant difference between arms (95% CI: -3.2, -0.4; p = 0.01), meaning more self-reported neuropathy symptoms in the intervention arm. There is a greater likelihood for the intervention arm to decrease by more than 5 points on the FACT-NTX (OR: 1.57; 38% vs. 28%; p = 0.05).ACT-NTX (OR: 1.57; 38% vs. 28%; p = 0.05).)
Hershman et al. (2013): Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Acetyl-L-Carnitine for the Prevention of Taxane-Induced Neuropathy in Women Undergoing Adjuvant Breast Cancer Therapy + (After 12 weeks: No difference in the inte … After 12 weeks: No difference in the intervention arm (Baseline: M = 99.3 – 12 weeks: M = 91.9; MD = 7.4) compared to the placebo arm (Baseline - 12 weeks MD = 7.4); p = 0.92.After 24 weeks: Mean difference between the intervention arm and the placebo arm = 3.5 points; 95% CI: -6.5, -0.4; p = 0.03, representing a significant reduction in the intervention arm compared to the placebo arm.ervention arm compared to the placebo arm.)
Mantovani et al. (2010): Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial of Five Different Arms of Treatment in 332 Patients with Cancer Cachexia + (After 16 weeks: Significant decrease in combination arm (MA/ MPA + EPA + L-Carnitin + Thalidomid; p=0.008, p<0.0001), Thalidomid arm (p=0.006, p<0.0001), and L-Carnitin arm (p=0.030, p=0.0001; GPS and ECOG PS); no comparison between arms conducted.)
Mantovani et al. (2010): Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial of Five Different Arms of Treatment in 332 Patients with Cancer Cachexia + (After 16 weeks: Significant improvement in … After 16 weeks: Significant improvement in combination arm (MA/ MPA + EPA + L-Carnitin + Thalidomid, p=0.047); ANOVA: significant group effect [p.035]), between L-Carnitin arm (MC= 0.85 ±19.5 [95% CI: -3.6, -5.3]) and combination arm (MC= -7.5 ± 12.8 [95% CI:-10.4,-4.6]); p=0.004), in favor of combination arm6]); p=0.004), in favor of combination arm)
Mantovani et al. (2010): Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial of Five Different Arms of Treatment in 332 Patients with Cancer Cachexia + (After 16 weeks: Significant reduction in c … After 16 weeks: Significant reduction in combination arm (MA/ MPA + EPA + L-Carnitin + Thalidomid, p=0.044); ANOVA: significant group effect (p=0.028): between L-Carnitin arm (MC= 12.08 ± 246; 95% CI: -47.9, -72.08) and combination arm (MC: -133 ± 259; 95% CI: -200, -65.4; p=0.004); in favor of combination arm5.4; p=0.004); in favor of combination arm)
Mantovani et al. (2010): Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial of Five Different Arms of Treatment in 332 Patients with Cancer Cachexia + (After 16 weeks: TEE and AEE significantly increased in arm MA/ MPA + EPA + L-Carnitin + Thalidomid (p<0.05); no comparison beetween arms performed)
Mantovani et al. (2010): Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial of Five Different Arms of Treatment in 332 Patients with Cancer Cachexia + (After 16 weeks: significant increase in combination arm (MA/ MPA + EPA + L-Carnitin + Thalidomid; p=0.00037); no comparison between arms conducted)
Cruciani et al. (2009): L-Carnitine Supplementation in Patients with Advanced Cancer and Carnitine Deficiency: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study + (After 2 weeks (end of phase I, ITT-Analysis and PP-Analysis): No differences between arms and/or time points)
Cruciani et al. (2009): L-Carnitine Supplementation in Patients with Advanced Cancer and Carnitine Deficiency: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study + (After 2 weeks (end of phase I, ITT-Analysis and PP-Analysis): No differences between arms and/or time points)
Cruciani et al. (2009): L-Carnitine Supplementation in Patients with Advanced Cancer and Carnitine Deficiency: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study + (After 2 weeks (end of phase I, ITT-Analysis and PP-Analysis): No differences between arms and/or time points)
Cruciani et al. (2009): L-Carnitine Supplementation in Patients with Advanced Cancer and Carnitine Deficiency: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study + (After 2 weeks (end of phase I, ITT-Analysis and PP-Analysis): No differences between arms and/or time points)
Strasser et al. (2006): Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (…) + (After 2 weeks: improvement of all arms by 5% (no statistical values/comparisons) After 6 weeks: further 5% improvement for Placebo arm, after 2 weeks unchanged for THC arm and decline by 2.5% for Cannabis extract arm (no statistical values/comparisons))
Delanian et al. (2003): Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of combined pentoxifylline and tocopherol for regression of superficial radiation-induced fibrosis + (After 3 month, reduction in % (SD) in each case: Pentoxyfillin + vitamin E: 45.1 (22.4), pentoxyfillin + placebo: 18.9 (18.3), vitamin E + placebo: 34.8 (23.8); placebos: 36.2 (13.5))
Delanian et al. (2003): Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of combined pentoxifylline and tocopherol for regression of superficial radiation-induced fibrosis + (After 3 month, reduction in % (SD) in each case: Pentoxyfillin + vitamin E: 20.2 (10.6), pentoxyfillin + placebo: 10.5 (11.5), vitamin E + placebo: 15.2 (16.1); placebos: 24.7 (13.1))
Delanian et al. (2003): Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of combined pentoxifylline and tocopherol for regression of superficial radiation-induced fibrosis + (After 3 month, reduction in % (SD) in each case: Pentoxyfillin + vitamin E: 34.7 (20.6), pentoxyfillin + placebo: 18.9 (18.3), vitamin E + placebo: 25.8 (21.8); placebos: 29.2 (10.3))
Cruciani et al. (2012): L-Carnitine Supplementation for the Management of Fatigue in Patients With Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial + (After 4 and 8 weeks: no difference between arms (p=0.13, p=0.63))
Cruciani et al. (2012): L-Carnitine Supplementation for the Management of Fatigue in Patients With Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial + (After 4 weeks: no difference between arms for pain intensity: p=0.61, disturbance due to pain: p=0.75)
Cruciani et al. (2012): L-Carnitine Supplementation for the Management of Fatigue in Patients With Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial + (After 4 weeks: no difference between arms (p=0.61))

Cruciani et al. (2012): L-Carnitine Supplementation for the Management of Fatigue in Patients With Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial + (After 4 weeks: no difference between arms (p=0.93))

Cruciani et al. (2012): L-Carnitine Supplementation for the Management of Fatigue in Patients With Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial + (After 4 weeks: significant difference between arms, with higher proportion of carnitine deficit in placebo arm (intervention arm: 11%, placebo arm: 33%; p≤.001))
Portenoy et al. (2012): Nabiximols for Opioid-Treated Cancer Patients With Poorly-Controlled Chronic Pain: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Graded-Dose Trial + (After 5 weeks: No significant differences.)
Portenoy et al. (2012): Nabiximols for Opioid-Treated Cancer Patients With Poorly-Controlled Chronic Pain: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Graded-Dose Trial + (After 5 weeks: Small effect of nabiximol on EORTC-QCQ-C30 (no values given), otherwise no significant differences for questionnaires.)
Jacot et al. (2016): Impact of a tailored oral vitamin D supplementation regimen on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in early breast cancer patients: a randomized phase III study + (After 6 months, significantly more patient … After 6 months, significantly more patients in the intervention arm had a normalized serum vitamin D level compared with the control arm patients (30% versus 12.6%; p = 0.003),the median 6 month-vitamin D level was 24.2 ng/ml (8.1–39.2) and 28.1 ng/ml (7.3–51.8) respectively in the control and intervention arms (p < 0.001);Percentage of correction was significantly higher in the intervention arm for patients included during fall (28% vs. 3%; p = 0.006), there was a trend in favor of intervention arm for patients included during winter (52% vs. 28%; p = 0.083), while there was no significant difference for patients included in spring and summer;e for patients included in spring and summer;)
Strasser et al. (2006): Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (…) + (After 6 weeks: No significant differences between Cannabis extract arm and Placebo arm (ITT p=0.80) or THC arm and Placebo arm (ITT p=0.43), as well as THC arm and Cannabis extract arm (PP analysis p=0.90))
Strasser et al. (2006): Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: a multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (…) + (After 6 weeks: No significant differences between the intervention arms and placebo arm for mean improvement (ITT Cannabis extract vs. Placebo p=0.46, THC vs. Placebo p=0.95) or increased appetite (p=0.068))
Kraft et al. (2012): L-Carnitine-supplementation in advanced pancreatic cancer (CARPAN) - a randomized multicentre trial + (After 6 weeks: Higher values in cognitive … After 6 weeks: Higher values in cognitive function (p<0.034) in the intervention arm compared to the placebo armAfter 12 weeks: Better values for overall health status (p<0.041) and reduced gastrointestinal symptoms (p<0.033) in the intervention arm compared to the placebo armin the intervention arm compared to the placebo arm)
Kraft et al. (2012): L-Carnitine-supplementation in advanced pancreatic cancer (CARPAN) - a randomized multicentre trial + (After 6 weeks: no significant difference between arms After 12 weeks: significantly higher weight (MD=3.4%; SD=1.35) due to higher body fat percentage (p<0.014) and BCM (p<0.013) in intervention compared to placebo arm)
Okabayashi et al. (2020): L-Carnitine Improves Postoperative Liver Function in Hepatectomized Patients + (After Surgery: * No significant differenc … After Surgery: * No significant differences between the intervention arm and the control arm in the frequency of postoperative complications, including bile leakage, pleural effusion, respiratory insufficiency, perihepatic abscess, and postoperative ileus.* Classification according to Clavien-Dindo: Morbidity was 10.4% in the control arm and 6.9% in the intervention arm; 7 patients (6%) in the control arm and 3 patients (3%) in the intervention arm had at least one severe complication (Grade III-V), with no significant difference between the groups.* 50-50 criteria: 6 patients (6%) in the control arm and 2 patients (2%) in the intervention arm, with no significant difference between the groups.* PHLF: 12 patients (11%) in the control arm and 6 patients (6%) in the intervention arm, with no significant difference between the groups.significant difference between the groups.)
Johansson et al. (2021): Vitamin D Supplementation and Disease-Free Survival in Stage II Melanoma: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial + (After a median follow-up of 3 years: no difference by treatment in disease-free survival)
Beer et al. (2007): Double-blinded randomized study of high-dose calcitriol plus docetaxel compared with placebo plus docetaxel in androgen-independent prostate cancer: a report from the ASCENT Investigators + (After adjustment for baseline characterist … After adjustment for baseline characteristics of hemoglobin and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, overall survival showed a promising improvement in intervention arm over the placebo arm with a HR of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.97; p = .04)HR of 0.67 (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.97; p = .04))
Asfour et al. (2006): Effect of high-dose sodium selenite therapy on polymorphonuclear leukocyte apoptosis in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients + (After chemotherapy (8 days): significant less infections in sodium selenite arm (20%) compared to control arm (67%); p<0.05)
Asfour et al. (2006): Effect of high-dose sodium selenite therapy on polymorphonuclear leukocyte apoptosis in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients + (After chemotherapy (8 days): significantly better cardiac ejection fraction in sodium selenite arm (mean(SD)= 63(6%)) vs. control arm (69(6%)); p <0.05)
Shapiro et al. (2016): Randomized, blinded trial of vitamin D3 for treating aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS) + (After the run-in period, the mean baseline … After the run-in period, the mean baseline serum total 25(OH)D level for all participants was 36.6 (13.0) ng/mL (mean (SD)), and free serum 25(OH)D was 8.0 (3.2) pg/mL,5 participants in the intervention arm and 4 participants in the control arm had insufficient 25(OH)D levels of ≤ 20ng/mL and no participants were vitamin D deficient;At 6 months, all participants were vitamin D sufficient,statistically significant difference in the change in serum 25(OH)D between arms (a decrease of 2.6 (7.6) ng/mL in control arm vs an increase of 9.3 (10.4) in the intervention arm, p < 0.0001).0.4) in the intervention arm, p < 0.0001).)
Su et al. (2004): Phase II double-blind randomized study comparing oral aloe vera versus placebo to prevent radiation-related mucositis in patients with head-and-neck neoplasms + (Although the quality of life values favour … Although the quality of life values favoured the aloe group, the differences between the arms were not statistically significantly different.Compared with placebo patients, aloe patients had a lower probability of a 3 point or greater drop in their overall health quality of life score during radiation, although this difference between the arms was not statistically significant.he arms was not statistically significant.)
Pace et al. (2010): Vitamin E neuroprotection for cisplatin neuropathy + (Amplitude (µV): Mean (SD) N. suralis Inter … Amplitude (µV): Mean (SD)N. suralisIntervention: prior to chemotherapy: 18.3 (9.9), 1 month after chemotherapy: 14.4 (7.1)Placebo: prior to chemotherapy: 23.8 (13.9), 1 month after chemotherapy: 18.3 (12.8)Intervention vs. Placebo: p < 0.05, sign. N. medianusIntervention: prior to chemotherapy: 11.4 (5.2), 1 month after chemotherapy: 11.5 (6.3)Placebo: prior to chemotherapy: 15.2 (9.0), 1 month after chemotherapy: 12.4 (8.3)Intervention vs. Placebo: p < 0.01, sign. Reflexes and distal paresthesia: Number of patientsprior to chemotherapy: Intervention and Placebo: 01 month after chemotherapy: Intervention: 6/17, Placebo: 13/24Neurotoxicity Score 1 month after chemotherapy (based on TNS system): Mean (SD)Intervention: 1.4 (1.5), Placebo: 4.1 (4.5); p < 0.01, sign. Number of patients with TNS Grade >3:Intervention: 1/17 (5.9%), Placebo: 10/24 (41.7%); p < 0.01, sign. RR = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.02, 1.00); p < 0.05, sign.1, sign. RR = 0.14 (95% CI: 0.02, 1.00); p < 0.05, sign.)
Halyard et al. (2007): Does zinc sulfate prevent therapy-induced taste alterations in head and neck cancer patients? Results of phase III double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N01C4) + (As many as 99% of zinc-treated patients maintained their weight in contrast to 92% of placebo-exposed patients (p = 0.04))
Ferreira et al. (2004): Protective effect of alpha-tocopherol in head and neck cancer radiation-induced mucositis: A double-blind randomized trial + (Assesment weekly: Number of mucositis eve … Assesment weekly:Number of mucositis events: vitamin E arm significantly fewer than placebo arm (36 (21.6%) vs. 54 (33.5%); RR = 0.643; 95% KI: 0.42,0.98; p = 0.038, sign. Number of patients with pain/difficulty eating grade 2-3: vitamin E 3 (10.7%) vs. placebo arm 14 (53.8%); p = 0.0001, sign. placebo arm 14 (53.8%); p = 0.0001, sign.)
Niravath et al. (2019): Randomized controlled trial of high‐dose versus standard‐dose vitamin D3 for prevention of aromatase inhibitor‐induced arthralgia + (At 12 weeks: mean vitamin D level in contr … At 12 weeks: mean vitamin D level in control arm was 29.3 ng/mL, compared to 50 ng/mL in intervention arm, increase and the week 12 level were both significantly higher in the intervention arm (p<0.0001 for both comparisons);No correlation between vitamin D level and development of aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgiaent of aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia)
Niravath et al. (2019): Randomized controlled trial of high‐dose versus standard‐dose vitamin D3 for prevention of aromatase inhibitor‐induced arthralgia + (At 12 weeks: no significant differences; At 52 weeks: no significant differences)
Mantovani et al. (2010): Randomized Phase III Clinical Trial of Five Different Arms of Treatment in 332 Patients with Cancer Cachexia + (At 16 weeks: Significant increase in combi … At 16 weeks: Significant increase in combination arm (MA/ MPA + EPA + L-Carnitin + Thalidomid) with DEXA (p=0.015), and with CT (increase LBM; kg; p=0.001), but not with BIA ANOVA: significant group effect for DEXA (p=0.007): between L-Carnitin arm (Mean Change= -0.7 ±2.2; 95% CI: -1.2, -0.2) and combination arm (MC= 2.1 ± 2.1; 95% CI: 1.6, 2.7; p<0.001) and between Thalidomid arm (MC= -0.8 ± 2.6; 95% CI: -1.5,-0.2) and combination arm (p<0.001), both in favor of combination armm (p<0.001), both in favor of combination arm)
Sun et al. (2016): A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy + (At 8 weeks: Full analysis set: Significantly more frequent improvement in values in intervention (29.3%) compared to placebo arm (13%; p < 0.022), also significant in PP-analysis.)
Sun et al. (2016): A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral acetyl-L-carnitine for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy + (At 8 weeks: Full analysis set: no difference between arms PP analysis: less fatigue/improvement of symptoms in intervention compared to placebo arm (intervention: 33.7%, placebo: 18.5%; χ² = 6.100; p = 0.014))
Büntzel et al. (2010): Selenium Substitution During Radiotherapy of Solid Tumours - Laboratory Data from Two Observation Studies in Gynaecological and Head and Neck Cancer Patients + (At baseline no significant differences; Significant differences in selenium concentrations (serum and blood) at half of radiotherapy (p<0.0001))
Johnson et al. (2010): Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of THC:CBD extract and THC extract in patients with intractable cancer-related pain + (At days 14-21: Effects for reduction of "c … At days 14-21: Effects for reduction of "cognitive function" in THC:CBD arm and THC arm compared to placebo arm (THC:CBD arm = -5.33 vs. placebo arm = 3.68, p=0.02; THC arm = -6.77 vs. placebo arm = 3.68, p=0.01) Worsening of "nausea and vomiting" in THC:CBD arm compared to placebo arm (THC:CBD arm = 5.13 vs. placebo arm = -3.43, p=0.02; THC arm = -3.41 vs. placebo arm = -3.43; p=1.0).For "pain" no difference between THC:CBD arm/THC arm and placebo arm.For "social function" significant advantage for THC arm over placebo arm (9.66 vs. 1.58; p=0.038).over placebo arm (9.66 vs. 1.58; p=0.038).)